Passive Optical Polymers - Revision history

Cmditradmin at 20:25, 29 December 2009

2009-12-29T20:25:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:25, 29 December 2009
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	<references/>		<references/>

			[[category:photonics applications]]

	<table id="toc" style="width: 100%">		<table id="toc" style="width: 100%">

128.95.39.42 at 17:01, 14 September 2009

2009-09-14T17:01:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:01, 14 September 2009
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	~~==Polymer Manufacturing into Devices==~~

	~~=== Polymer waveguide fab: RIE ===~~
	~~[[Image:RIE.png\|thumb\|300px\|Reactive Ion Etching of a polymer with applied mask]]~~

	~~Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) is used to convert a slab waveguide into a channel waveguide.~~

	~~#First a slab is prepared with a core layer (higher index of refraction) is placed on a polymer undercladding on a silicon substrate.~~
	~~#A metallic photo mask is applied to protect the core material.~~
	~~#A plasma of oxygen is used to eat away the unmasked portion of the polymer.~~
	~~#The metalic mask is removed and the ribbon of core material is fully encased with overcladding.~~

	~~=== Sol-gel waveguide fabrication ===~~
	~~[[Image:Sol_gel_production.png\|thumb\|300px\|Sol-gel waveguide fabrication (including gray scale masking)]]~~

	This technique builds a complex sol-gel waveguide using completely wet techniques (no vacuum required). Direct illumination by UV through a mask is able to fix portions of the core in place, while unfixed portions are washed away. A series of steps like this can be used to build a complex device.

	~~=== Polymer waveguide fab: Results ===~~
	~~[[Image:Polymer_waveguide_SEM.png\|thumb\|300px\|Etched polymer waveguide]]~~

	The company Photon X has commercialized the polymer waveguide process. The SEM (5micron line shown) shows very smooth sidewalls from a high quality etching process. Walls can only have roughness of 40-50 nm before there is significant optical loss. The polymer waveguide shows excellent light transmission through a 4 mum x 4 mum waveguide core that has been designed to couple very well with an optical fiber.

	~~See Yeniay <ref>Yeniay, et. al. J. Lightwave Tech. 22, 154</ref>~~
	~~<br clear='all'>~~

	~~=== Polymer waveguide fab UV curing ===~~
	~~[[Image:Waveguide_uvcuring.png\|thumb\|300px\|Two waveguides produced by UV photo curing process]]~~

	This waveguide is created using the same UV curing process that is used with sol-gels. This shows two waveguides very close to each other. The channel is very difficult to control using photo etching process. The SEM shows a little cross striation but overall very good quality results.

	~~See Viens 1999 <ref>Viens, et. al. Proc. SPIE (1999)</ref>~~
	~~<br clear='all'>~~

	~~=== Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter ===~~
	~~[[Image:Fibertofiber_transmission.png\|thumb\|300px\| Measured fiber-to-fiber transmission spectra]]~~
	An array waveguide gradiant is used to separate out wavelengths into separate ports. To characterize the device you shine a variety of wavelengths through the device simulating various information carriers and then measure the output from each port. The fluorinated polymer device was able to achieve these results:

	*Insertion loss: 3 dB
	*Adjacent crosstalk: -30dB
	*Non-adjacent crosstalk: -28 dB

	~~This passive polymer technology is being used to connect servers (interconnects) in server forms over very short distances with tremendous data rates.~~

	~~<br clear='all'>~~

	~~[[Image:Temperature_dependence.png\|thumb\|300px\|]]~~

	~~An athermal device performs equally well at different temperatures without temperature control.~~

	~~Wavelength Temperature Dependence dλ/dt :~~
	*without superstrate: 12pm/ °C
	*with superstrate: - 0.5pm/ °C

	~~See Gao 2002 <ref>Gao, et. al. European Conference on Optical Comm.2002</ref>~~

	== References ==		== References ==

Cmditradmin at 21:03, 3 September 2009

2009-09-03T21:03:55Z

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 == Passive Optical Polymers for Integrated Optical Devices -Properties and Requirements ==
-Passive devices are polymers that are non-electro optical  materials. These polymers just transmit the light but they can be used for waveguides and filters for optical networks.
+The challenge with passive optical materials is match their physical characteristics with the requirements in applied devices.
 === Polymer Optical Properties===
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 == Types of Optical polymers ==

Cmditradmin: /* Types of Optical polymers */

2009-08-18T19:31:14Z

Types of Optical polymers

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 18 August 2009
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	*Compatible with heterogeneous integration		*Compatible with heterogeneous integration
	*Potential EO active doping		*Potential EO active doping

			see Enami 2003 <ref>Enami, et. al. APL 83, 4692 (2003)</ref>

			see Zhang 2005 <ref>Zhang, et. al. OL 30, 117 (2005)</ref>

Cmditradmin: /* Sol-gel waveguide materials */

2009-08-18T19:21:26Z

Sol-gel waveguide materials

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:21, 18 August 2009
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	=== Sol-gel waveguide materials ===		=== Sol-gel waveguide materials ===
	[[Image:Sol_gel.png\|thumb\|300px\|]]		[[Image:Sol_gel.png\|thumb\|300px\|A sol-gel has an organic network (left) and an inorganic glass-like network (right) ]]
	A two-component sol-gel with methacryloyloxy propyltrimethoxysilane and zirconium(IV)-n-propoxide. The top component has an acrylate group that forms an organic network by photopolymerization.		A two-component sol-gel with methacryloyloxy propyltrimethoxysilane and zirconium(IV)-n-propoxide. The top component has an acrylate group that forms an organic network by photopolymerization.

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	Over the last 25 years loss has improved greatly. This rate of improvement depends on the accumulated knowledge of many workers in the field.		Over the last 25 years loss has improved greatly. This rate of improvement depends on the accumulated knowledge of many workers in the field.

	The state of the art waveguide polymer now has loss below .1 dB/cm. We are now competitive with silica on silicon technology but at a much lower cost and is low temperature processable.		The state of the art waveguide polymer now has loss below .1 dB/cm. We are now competitive with silica on silicon technology but at a much lower cost and is low temperature processable.


	=== Absorption loss ===		=== Absorption loss ===

Cmditradmin: /* Types of Optical polymers */

2009-08-18T19:19:52Z

Types of Optical polymers

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:19, 18 August 2009
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	== Types of Optical polymers ==		== Types of Optical polymers ==
	[[Image:Pmma.png\|thumb\|~~200px~~\|Poly(methylmethacrylate)]]		[[Image:Pmma.png\|thumb\|100px\|Poly(methylmethacrylate)]]

	Polymethacrylate (PMMA, also known as lucite) is a transparent polymer that has been used for waveguides. It is also used in glazing. Its’ Tg is about 100 ° C, which is a little low for some applications.		Polymethacrylate (PMMA, also known as lucite) is a transparent polymer that has been used for waveguides. It is also used in glazing. Its’ Tg is about 100 ° C, which is a little low for some applications.

	[[Image:Teflon_af.png\|thumb\|~~200px~~\|Teflon AF]]		[[Image:Teflon_af.png\|thumb\|100px\|Teflon AF]]

	Teflon AF is fully fluorinated. This helps eliminate hydrogen vibrational absorption in the 1000-2000 nm range. It also has a refractive index less than water, (n= 1.29) They are high molecular weight polymers (mw=10 5 to 10 6)		Teflon AF is fully fluorinated. This helps eliminate hydrogen vibrational absorption in the 1000-2000 nm range. It also has a refractive index less than water, (n= 1.29) They are high molecular weight polymers (mw=10 5 to 10 6)

Cmditradmin: /* Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter */

2009-08-18T16:04:05Z

Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:04, 18 August 2009
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	=== Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter ===		=== Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter ===
	[[Image:Fibertofiber_transmission.png\|thumb\|300px\| Measured fiber-to-fiber transmission spectra]]		[[Image:Fibertofiber_transmission.png\|thumb\|300px\| Measured fiber-to-fiber transmission spectra]]
	An array waveguide gradiant is used to separate out wavelengths into separate ports. To characterize the device you shine a variety of wavelengths through the device simulating various information carriers. The fluorinated polymer device was able to achieve these results:		An array waveguide gradiant is used to separate out wavelengths into separate ports. To characterize the device you shine a variety of wavelengths through the device simulating various information carriers and then measure the output from each port. The fluorinated polymer device was able to achieve these results:

	*Insertion loss: 3 dB		*Insertion loss: 3 dB
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	Wavelength Temperature Dependence dλ/dt :		Wavelength Temperature Dependence dλ/dt :
	- without superstrate: 12pm/ °C		*without superstrate: 12pm/ °C
	- with superstrate: - 0.5pm/ °C		*with superstrate: - 0.5pm/ °C

	See Gao 2002 <ref>Gao, et. al. European Conference on Optical Comm.2002</ref>		See Gao 2002 <ref>Gao, et. al. European Conference on Optical Comm.2002</ref>

			== References ==
			<references/>

Cmditradmin: /* Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter */

2009-08-18T16:02:50Z

Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:02, 18 August 2009
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	=== Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter ===		=== Polymer athermal Array Waveguide Gradiant AWG filter ===
			[[Image:Fibertofiber_transmission.png\|thumb\|300px\| Measured fiber-to-fiber transmission spectra]]
	An array waveguide gradiant is used to separate out wavelengths into separate ports.		An array waveguide gradiant is used to separate out wavelengths into separate ports. To characterize the device you shine a variety of wavelengths through the device simulating various information carriers. The fluorinated polymer device was able to achieve these results:
	~~An athermal device performs equally well at different temperatures without temperature control.~~ To characterize the device you shine a variety of wavelengths through the device simulating various information carriers. The fluorinated polymer device was able to achieve these results:

	*Insertion loss: 3 dB		*Insertion loss: 3 dB
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	*Non-adjacent crosstalk: -28 dB		*Non-adjacent crosstalk: -28 dB

	This passive polymer technology is being used to connect servers (interconnects) in server forms over very short distances with tremendous data rates.		This passive polymer technology is being used to connect servers (interconnects) in server forms over very short distances with tremendous data rates.

			<br clear='all'>

			[[Image:Temperature_dependence.png\|thumb\|300px\|]]

			An athermal device performs equally well at different temperatures without temperature control.

			Wavelength Temperature Dependence dλ/dt :
			- without superstrate: 12pm/ °C
			- with superstrate: - 0.5pm/ °C

			See Gao 2002 <ref>Gao, et. al. European Conference on Optical Comm.2002</ref>




	<table id="toc" style="width: 100%">		<table id="toc" style="width: 100%">

Cmditradmin: /* Optical polymers */

2009-08-18T15:46:27Z

Optical polymers

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:46, 18 August 2009
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	*Good moisture and chemical resistance		*Good moisture and chemical resistance

	== Optical polymers ==		== Types of Optical polymers ==
	[[Image:Pmma.png\|thumb\|200px\|Poly(methylmethacrylate)]]		[[Image:Pmma.png\|thumb\|200px\|Poly(methylmethacrylate)]]

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	<br clear='all'>		<br clear='all'>

	==Polymer Manufacturing into Devices==		==Polymer Manufacturing into Devices==

Cmditradmin: /* Passive Optical Polymers for Integrated Optical Devices */

2009-08-18T15:46:16Z

Passive Optical Polymers for Integrated Optical Devices

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:46, 18 August 2009
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	</table>		</table>

	== Passive Optical Polymers for Integrated Optical Devices ==		== Passive Optical Polymers for Integrated Optical Devices -Properties and Requirements ==



	Passive devices are polymers that are non-electro optical materials. These polymers just transmit the light but they can be used for waveguides and filters for optical networks.		Passive devices are polymers that are non-electro optical materials. These polymers just transmit the light but they can be used for waveguides and filters for optical networks.
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	*Good moisture and chemical resistance		*Good moisture and chemical resistance


	== Optical polymers ==		== Optical polymers ==