Battery Basics - Revision history

Cmditradmin: /* Battery introduction */

2019-07-09T18:19:09Z

Battery introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:19, 9 July 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	==== Battery introduction ====		==== Battery introduction ====
	{youtube:pv-yxq1q9Os}		{{#ev:youtube\|pv-yxq1q9Os}}

	==== Exploring the Battery ====		==== Exploring the Battery ====

Cmditradmin at 18:18, 9 July 2019

2019-07-09T18:18:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:18, 9 July 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
			==== Battery introduction ====
			{youtube:pv-yxq1q9Os}
	==== Exploring the Battery ====		==== Exploring the Battery ====

Cmditradmin at 03:33, 5 November 2016

2016-11-05T03:33:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 4 November 2016
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Exploring the Battery		==== Exploring the Battery ====

	A battery, at its most basic level, is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy with an anode, cathode and electrolyte. An anode is the negative electrode, while the cathode is the positive electrode. When immersed in the same electrolyte, the difference in electron concentration creates an electrical potential difference which is utilized for voltage. Certain batteries can be "recharged" by reversing this flow of electrons. The classification of primary batteries include batteries that can not be recharged while secondary batteries can be recharged.		A battery, at its most basic level, is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy with an anode, cathode and electrolyte. An anode is the negative electrode, while the cathode is the positive electrode. When immersed in the same electrolyte, the difference in electron concentration creates an electrical potential difference which is utilized for voltage. Certain batteries can be "recharged" by reversing this flow of electrons. The classification of primary batteries include batteries that can not be recharged while secondary batteries can be recharged.

Line 10:		Line 11:

	The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:		The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:
	~~<math>x^2</math>~~


	:<math>Zn(s) + Cu^{2+}(aq)\Rightarrow Cu(s)+ Zn^{2+}(aq) \,\!</math>		:<math>Zn(s) + Cu^{2+}(aq)\Rightarrow Cu(s)+ Zn^{2+}(aq) \,\!</math>
Line 19:		Line 18:

	Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).		Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).
	Battery Specifications		==== Battery Specifications ====

	A battery can consist of a cells, modules or packs. A Cell is the smallest, packaged form a battery can take and usually in between 1-6 volts. A module is a series of cells while a pack is a series of connected modules.		A battery can consist of a cells, modules or packs. A Cell is the smallest, packaged form a battery can take and usually in between 1-6 volts. A module is a series of cells while a pack is a series of connected modules.
	The flow of electrons (or flow of current) is facilitated by the salt bridge in this case. The rate of discharging this current normalized against the battery capacity is the C-rate as is used to compare different types of batteries. For instance, a 1C rate means the discharge current will discharge the entire battery in 1 hour. E-rates is the discharge power required to discharge the entire battery in 1 hour. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical circuit and has units of watt(W) or Joules/Second (J/s). In order to compare battery specifications, the idea of specific power was created. Specific power(W/kg) is a power to weight ratio or the maximum power available per unit of mass and this determines the battery weight required for a performance target. It's counterpart, power density (W/L), is the maximum power per unit volume and is also a characteristic of battery chemistry and packaging. Specific energy (Wh/kg), is the nominal battery energy per unit mass while energy density is the energy per unit volume. While energy measures the total quantity of work being done, power describes how fast that work is being done. Batteries can be classified as high-energy or high power, but never both. Another common classification is high durability which focuses on higher battery life rather than power or energy.		The flow of electrons (or flow of current) is facilitated by the salt bridge in this case. The rate of discharging this current normalized against the battery capacity is the C-rate as is used to compare different types of batteries. For instance, a 1C rate means the discharge current will discharge the entire battery in 1 hour. E-rates is the discharge power required to discharge the entire battery in 1 hour. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical circuit and has units of watt(W) or Joules/Second (J/s). In order to compare battery specifications, the idea of specific power was created. Specific power(W/kg) is a power to weight ratio or the maximum power available per unit of mass and this determines the battery weight required for a performance target. It's counterpart, power density (W/L), is the maximum power per unit volume and is also a characteristic of battery chemistry and packaging. Specific energy (Wh/kg), is the nominal battery energy per unit mass while energy density is the energy per unit volume. While energy measures the total quantity of work being done, power describes how fast that work is being done. Batteries can be classified as high-energy or high power, but never both. Another common classification is high durability which focuses on higher battery life rather than power or energy.

	Battery Conditions		==== Battery Conditions ====

	When analyzing the conditions of a battery, the current conditions are often compared with the maximum or optimal conditions. State of Charge (SOC) (%) is the battery capacity as a percentage of maximum capacity to show the change of capacity over time while Depth of Discharge (DOD)(%) looks at the discharged percent of the capacity maximum capacity. These percentages are important in determining various technical specifications of the battery. For instance, internal resistance depends on the SOC. As the internal resistance increases, the battery efficiency decreases and becomes less stable as the charging energy is converted into heat. Terminal Voltage (V) and Open-circuit voltage (V) both also depend on SOC and DOD. Terminal Voltage is the voltage between battery terminals when a load is applied and Open-Circuit voltage is without a load applied.		When analyzing the conditions of a battery, the current conditions are often compared with the maximum or optimal conditions. State of Charge (SOC) (%) is the battery capacity as a percentage of maximum capacity to show the change of capacity over time while Depth of Discharge (DOD)(%) looks at the discharged percent of the capacity maximum capacity. These percentages are important in determining various technical specifications of the battery. For instance, internal resistance depends on the SOC. As the internal resistance increases, the battery efficiency decreases and becomes less stable as the charging energy is converted into heat. Terminal Voltage (V) and Open-circuit voltage (V) both also depend on SOC and DOD. Terminal Voltage is the voltage between battery terminals when a load is applied and Open-Circuit voltage is without a load applied.

	Department of Energy(DOE) Targets		==== Department of Energy(DOE) Targets ====

	As renewable energy continues to grow meet a larger percent of our energy needs, battery R&D needs to also continue creating more efficient storage. In the past five years, research funded by the DOE has reduced the cost of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) batteries by 70% and doubled their energy densities. The DOE's current goal is to reduce the cost of (PEV) batteries to $125/kWh by 2022 in order to make electric vehicles more competitive with fossil fuel vehicles. Image		As renewable energy continues to grow meet a larger percent of our energy needs, battery R&D needs to also continue creating more efficient storage. In the past five years, research funded by the DOE has reduced the cost of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) batteries by 70% and doubled their energy densities. The DOE's current goal is to reduce the cost of (PEV) batteries to $125/kWh by 2022 in order to make electric vehicles more competitive with fossil fuel vehicles. Image


	Explore		==== Explore ====

	PV Education Battery		PV Education Battery
Line 39:		Line 38:
	http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/batteries/remaining		http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/batteries/remaining

	MIT Electric Battery Team- Guide to Battery Specifications		MIT Electric Battery Team- Guide to Battery Specifications

	http://web.mit.edu/evt/summary_battery_specifications.pdf		http://web.mit.edu/evt/summary_battery_specifications.pdf

Cmditradmin at 22:17, 27 October 2016

2016-10-27T22:17:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:17, 27 October 2016
Line 16:		Line 16:

	:<math>		:<math>
	n(\lambda) = ~~x^2~~ A + \frac {B} {\lambda^2} + \frac {C} {\lambda^4}\,\!</math>		n(\lambda) = A + \frac {B} {\lambda^2} + \frac {C} {\lambda^4}\,\!</math>

	Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).		Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).

Cmditradmin at 22:16, 27 October 2016

2016-10-27T22:16:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:16, 27 October 2016
Line 16:		Line 16:

	:<math>		:<math>
	~~Zn(s)~~ n(\lambda) = A + \frac {B} {\lambda^2} + \frac {C} {\lambda^4}\,\!</math>		n(\lambda) = x^2 A + \frac {B} {\lambda^2} + \frac {C} {\lambda^4}\,\!</math>

	Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).		Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).

Cmditradmin at 22:16, 27 October 2016

2016-10-27T22:16:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:16, 27 October 2016
Line 16:		Line 16:

	:<math>		:<math>
	n(\lambda) = A + \frac {B} {\lambda^2} + \frac {C} {\lambda^4}\,\!</math>		Zn(s) n(\lambda) = A + \frac {B} {\lambda^2} + \frac {C} {\lambda^4}\,\!</math>

	Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).		Together, these half reactions form an oxidation reduction reaction where the Zn is being oxidized, or losing electrons, and the Cu^{2+} is being reduced, or gaining electrons. The potential difference between these two half reactions is the overpotential, which is directly related to voltage efficiency. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two points of electric charge and has units of volts(V) or Joules/Coulomb(J/C).

Cmditradmin at 22:13, 27 October 2016

2016-10-27T22:13:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:13, 27 October 2016
Line 10:		Line 10:

	The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:		The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:
	:<math>		<math>x^2</math>
	~~<math>\frac{dy}{dx}\,\!~~</math>

Cmditradmin at 22:01, 27 October 2016

2016-10-27T22:01:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:01, 27 October 2016
Line 11:		Line 11:
	The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:		The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:
	:<math>		:<math>
	~~Zn(s) + Cu^2~~\,\!</math>		<math>\frac{dy}{dx}\,\!</math>

Cmditradmin at 22:00, 27 October 2016

2016-10-27T22:00:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 27 October 2016
Line 10:		Line 10:

	The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:		The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:
	:<math>Zn(s) + Cu^2\,\!</math>		:<math>
			Zn(s) + Cu^2\,\!</math>

Cmditradmin at 21:59, 27 October 2016

2016-10-27T21:59:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:59, 27 October 2016
Line 10:		Line 10:

	The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:		The overall reaction for this battery is as follows:
			:<math>Zn(s) + Cu^2\,\!</math>